Cardiodrome
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Sources

Last updated: 3 November 2026

Cardiodrome uses values taken from published sources and simplified for teaching. The main ones are listed below, with what each is used for in the simulator.

The simulator is a reduced model: the pump follows a track through the aorta, the cannula bends at one elastic elbow, and the console shows fixed teaching values. These values are not validated for clinical decisions and do not replace the manufacturer’s instructions for use or hospital protocols. Listing a source does not imply endorsement by its authors.

Device and console

  1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Public instructions for use and summary of safety and effectiveness data of a percutaneous microaxial pump: PMA P140003/S018, Doc. 0042-9023 Rev. E; 2018. FDA PMA database

    Device dimensions, inlet depth and the general behavior of the console signals, simplified and reworded. No manufacturer drawing, name or text is used.

  2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Public instructions for use (US) of a percutaneous microaxial pump: Doc. 0048-9007 Rev. H; 2020. Archived copy of the FDA file

    Motor speed for each P-level and the console alarms, including the one for a stopped pump across the valve, simplified and reworded.

  3. De Filippo O, Pagliassotto I, Braia V, et al. Struct Heart. 2026;10(8):100773. doi:10.1016/j.shj.2025.100773

    Position of the pressure sensor at the outlet.

Depth and rotation

  1. Estep JD, Nicoara A, Cavalcante J, et al. American Society of Echocardiography recommendations on multimodality imaging in temporary mechanical support. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2024;37(9):820-71. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2024.06.005

    Inlet depth measured from the aortic annulus, and the echo views used to check it.

  2. Balthazar T, Vandenbriele C, Verbrugge FH, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(9):1243-56. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.12.054

    Depth from the aortic valve to the inflow, measured in more than one plane because the cannula is curved.

  3. Baldetti L, Romagnolo D, Festi M, et al. ESC Heart Fail. 2025;12(1):542-53. doi:10.1002/ehf2.15087

    Definition of malrotation in the parasternal long-axis view.

  4. Baldetti L, Beneduce A, Vanwersch C, et al. JACC Adv. 2026;5(3):102581. doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.102581

    How often malrotation occurs in a bench model of pump insertion.

Fluoroscopic views

  1. Hill AP, Slack M, Waksman R, Ben-Dor I. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2025;106(2):1138-41. doi:10.1002/ccd.31651

    Why RAO 30° can hide a pump turned toward the mitral valve, and the lateral view that shows it.

  2. Beneduce A, Baldetti L, Chieffo A, et al. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2025;18(6):815-7. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2024.11.041

    Three- and four-chamber fluoroscopic views to judge pump orientation.

Echocardiography

  1. Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, et al. ASE/EACVI recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(1):1-39.e14. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003

    Normal dimensions of the left ventricle and aortic root in the parasternal long-axis model.

Coronary angiography

  1. Di Mario C, Sutaria N. Heart. 2005;91(7):968-76. doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.063107

    The named standard views and the branches each one opens.

  2. Kočka V, Thériault-Lauzier P, Xiong TY, et al. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;13(21):2560-70. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2020.06.042

    The angle of each view, applied to the simulator’s own anatomy.

  3. Sianos G, Morel MA, Kappetein AP, et al. The SYNTAX Score. EuroIntervention. 2005;1(2):219-27. PubMed 19758907

    Numbering of the coronary segments.

3D anatomy

  1. BodyParts3D, © The Database Center for Life Science, licensed under CC BY 4.0. Meshes simplified and adapted. BodyParts3D

    Heart and great vessels.